Vue

Vue 3 uses the Composition API for reactive state management, single-file components (.vue), and a virtual DOM with compiler optimizations. It scales from progressive enhancement to full SPAs.

Installation

# Create Vue project with Vite
npm create vue@latest my-app
cd my-app
npm install
npm run dev

Project Structure

# Vue 3 project layout
src/
├── App.vue              # Root component
├── main.ts              # Entry point
├── router/index.ts      # Vue Router config
├── stores/              # Pinia stores
│   └── articles.ts
├── composables/         # Reusable logic
│   └── useApi.ts
├── components/          # Shared components
│   └── ArticleCard.vue
├── views/               # Page components
│   ├── HomeView.vue
│   └── ArticlesView.vue
└── types/               # TypeScript types
    └── article.ts

Components (Composition API)

<!-- src/views/ArticlesView.vue — page component with script setup -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue'
import type { Article } from '@/types/article'
import ArticleCard from '@/components/ArticleCard.vue'

const articles = ref<Article[]>([])
const loading = ref(true)

onMounted(async () => {
  const res = await fetch('/api/articles')
  articles.value = await res.json()
  loading.value = false
})
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <h1>Articles</h1>
    <p v-if="loading">Loading...</p>
    <div v-else>
      <ArticleCard v-for="article in articles" :key="article.id" :article="article" />
    </div>
  </div>
</template>

<!-- src/components/ArticleCard.vue — reusable component with props -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import type { Article } from '@/types/article'

const props = defineProps<{ article: Article }>()
const emit = defineEmits<{ (e: 'delete', id: number): void }>()
</script>

<template>
  <article class="card">
    <RouterLink :to="`/articles/${props.article.slug}`">
      <h2>{{ article.title }}</h2>
    </RouterLink>
    <p>{{ article.excerpt }}</p>
    <button @click="emit('delete', article.id)">Delete</button>
  </article>
</template>

Reactivity

<!-- src/components/Counter.vue — reactive state demo -->
<script setup lang="ts">
import { ref, computed, watch } from 'vue'

const count = ref(0)
const doubled = computed(() => count.value * 2)

watch(count, (newVal) => {
  console.log(`Count changed to ${newVal}`)
})

function increment() {
  count.value++
}
</script>

<template>
  <div>
    <p>Count: {{ count }} (doubled: {{ doubled }})</p>
    <button @click="increment">+1</button>
  </div>
</template>

Pinia Store

// src/stores/articles.ts — Pinia state management
import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
import type { Article } from '@/types/article'

export const useArticlesStore = defineStore('articles', () => {
  const articles = ref<Article[]>([])
  const loading = ref(false)

  const published = computed(() => articles.value.filter((a) => a.published))

  async function fetchAll() {
    loading.value = true
    const res = await fetch('/api/articles')
    articles.value = await res.json()
    loading.value = false
  }

  async function create(data: Partial<Article>) {
    const res = await fetch('/api/articles', {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
      body: JSON.stringify(data),
    })
    const article = await res.json()
    articles.value.unshift(article)
  }

  return { articles, loading, published, fetchAll, create }
})

Composables

// src/composables/useApi.ts — reusable fetch composable
import { ref, type Ref } from 'vue'

export function useApi<T>(url: string) {
  const data: Ref<T | null> = ref(null)
  const error = ref<string | null>(null)
  const loading = ref(false)

  async function execute() {
    loading.value = true
    error.value = null
    try {
      const res = await fetch(url)
      if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}`)
      data.value = await res.json()
    } catch (e: any) {
      error.value = e.message
    } finally {
      loading.value = false
    }
  }

  return { data, error, loading, execute }
}

Router

// src/router/index.ts — Vue Router configuration
import { createRouter, createWebHistory } from 'vue-router'

const router = createRouter({
  history: createWebHistory(),
  routes: [
    { path: '/', component: () => import('@/views/HomeView.vue') },
    { path: '/articles', component: () => import('@/views/ArticlesView.vue') },
    { path: '/articles/:slug', component: () => import('@/views/ArticleView.vue'), props: true },
    {
      path: '/admin',
      component: () => import('@/views/AdminView.vue'),
      meta: { requiresAuth: true },
    },
  ],
})

router.beforeEach((to) => {
  if (to.meta.requiresAuth && !isAuthenticated()) {
    return '/login'
  }
})

export default router

Provide/Inject

// src/main.ts — provide global dependencies
import { createApp } from 'vue'
import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
import App from './App.vue'
import router from './router'

const app = createApp(App)
app.use(createPinia())
app.use(router)
app.provide('apiBase', '/api')
app.mount('#app')

Key Patterns

• Use <script setup> for concise component definitions — it's the recommended style
• Use ref() for primitives, reactive() for objects; ref is generally preferred
• Use Pinia stores for shared state across components
• Extract reusable logic into composables (use* functions)
• Use defineProps<T>() and defineEmits<T>() for type-safe component interfaces
• Lazy-load route components with dynamic import() for code splitting