dot-skills — Airbnb iOS SwiftUI Animations Best Practices

Opinionated, strict animation craft guide for SwiftUI iOS 26 / Swift 6.2 apps. Contains 50 rules across 8 categories, prioritized by impact. Derived from Airbnb Engineering motion patterns, Apple WWDC sessions, and Apple Human Interface Guidelines. Mandates @Equatable on every animated view, motion tokens for all spring/timing values, and design system tokens for layout.

Mandated Architecture Alignment

This skill is designed to work alongside swift-ui-architect and ios-design-system. All code examples follow the same non-negotiable constraints:

• @Equatable macro on every view (Airbnb measured 15% scroll hitch reduction)
• @Observable for complex animation state that involves business logic triggers
• @State for view-owned animation state (toggle booleans, drag offsets)
• Design system tokens: Spacing.xs/sm/md/lg, Radius.sm/md/lg — zero hardcoded layout numbers
• Motion tokens: Motion.standard/responsive/playful — zero scattered spring literals
• Semantic colors: .backgroundSurface, .accentPrimary — no raw Color literals in views
• Feature animations remain presentation-only; data/network concerns stay in Data package

Scope & Relationship to Sibling Skills

This skill is the motion layer — it teaches how to BUILD fluid, performant animations. When loaded alongside sibling skills:

Sibling Skill	Its Focus	This Skill's Focus
swift-ui-architect	Architecture (modular MVVM-C, route shells, protocol boundaries)	Animation architecture (motion tokens, spring selection, orchestration)
ios-design-system	Design system infrastructure (tokens, styles, governance)	Motion tokens and animated component patterns
ios-hig	HIG compliance patterns	Motion-specific HIG (reduce motion, spatial continuity)

Out of scope: Designer-authored vector animations (use Lottie for After Effects exports). Complex UIKit transition controllers (see Airbnb's declarative transition framework). This skill covers programmatic SwiftUI animations only.

Clinic Architecture Contract (iOS 26 / Swift 6.2)

All guidance in this skill assumes the clinic modular MVVM-C architecture:

• Feature modules import Domain + DesignSystem only (never Data, never sibling features)
• App target is the convergence point and owns DependencyContainer, concrete coordinators, and Route Shell wiring
• Domain stays pure Swift and defines models plus repository, *Coordinating, ErrorRouting, and AppError contracts
• Data owns SwiftData/network/sync/retry/background I/O and implements Domain protocols
• Read/write flow defaults to stale-while-revalidate reads and optimistic queued writes
• ViewModels call repository protocols directly (no default use-case/interactor layer)

When to Apply

Reference these guidelines when:

• Adding animations to SwiftUI views or transitions
• Building gesture-driven interactions (drag, swipe, pan)
• Connecting views with spatial transitions (expand/collapse, navigation morphs)
• Designing micro-interactions (button press, toggle, loading states)
• Making content changes feel physical (number rolls, symbol replacements)
• Choreographing multi-element animation sequences (KeyframeAnimator, PhaseAnimator)
• Defining motion tokens for a design system
• Reviewing animation code for performance, accessibility, and architecture compliance

Rule Categories by Priority

Priority	Category	Impact	Prefix	Rules
1	Spring Physics	CRITICAL	spring-	8
2	Timing & Feel	CRITICAL	feel-	6
3	Gesture Continuity	HIGH	gesture-	7
4	Spatial Transitions	HIGH	spatial-	6
5	Micro-interactions	HIGH	micro-	6
6	Orchestration	HIGH	orch-	5
7	Craft & Polish	HIGH	craft-	5
8	Content Motion	MEDIUM-HIGH	content-	5

Quick Reference

1. Spring Physics (CRITICAL)

• spring-motion-tokens — Define motion tokens as a caseless enum for all spring presets
• spring-smooth-default — Default to .smooth spring for all UI transitions
• spring-snappy-responsive — Use .snappy spring for responsive interactions
• spring-bouncy-celebration — Use .bouncy spring for playful and celebratory moments
• spring-custom-parameters — Tune custom springs with response and dampingFraction
• spring-velocity-preservation — Springs preserve velocity on interruption
• spring-never-linear — Never use linear or easeInOut for interactive UI
• spring-completion-chaining — Use withAnimation completion for chained sequences

2. Timing & Feel (CRITICAL)

• feel-250ms-max — Keep UI animations under 250ms
• feel-faster-better — Faster animations almost always feel better
• feel-asymmetric-enter-exit — Use asymmetric timing for enter and exit
• feel-distance-proportional — Match duration to distance traveled
• feel-haptic-sync — Sync haptic feedback to visual animation keyframes
• feel-stagger-timing — Stagger reveals at 30-50ms intervals

3. Gesture Continuity (HIGH)

• gesture-rubber-band — Rubber band at drag boundaries
• gesture-momentum-dismiss — Dismiss on velocity OR distance threshold
• gesture-snap-points — Use velocity-aware snap points
• gesture-interruptible — Make all gesture animations interruptible
• gesture-scroll-drag-conflict — Resolve scroll and drag gesture conflicts
• gesture-state-transient — Use GestureState for transient drag state
• gesture-projected-landing — Project gesture velocity for natural landing position

4. Spatial Transitions (HIGH)

• spatial-matched-geometry — Use matchedGeometryEffect for expand/collapse morphs
• spatial-zoom-navigation — Use zoom navigation transition for collection detail (iOS 18)
• spatial-transition-origin — Anchor transitions to their trigger location
• spatial-hero-shared-element — Share multiple element IDs for rich hero animations
• spatial-sheet-morph — Use matchedGeometryEffect for sheet presentations
• spatial-tab-continuity — Maintain spatial direction in tab transitions

5. Micro-interactions (HIGH)

• micro-button-press-scale — Scale buttons to 0.97 on press for tactile feedback
• micro-haptic-pairing — Pair every visual state change with haptic feedback
• micro-symbol-effect — Use symbolEffect for SF Symbol animations
• micro-toggle-bounce — Add bounce to toggle state changes
• micro-long-press-fill — Animate progressive fill for long press actions
• micro-loading-phase — Use repeating spring for organic loading states

6. Orchestration (HIGH)

• orch-phase-animator — Use PhaseAnimator for multi-step sequences
• orch-keyframe-animator — Use KeyframeAnimator for timeline-precise motion
• orch-stagger-children — Stagger child elements for orchestrated reveals
• orch-coordinated-entrance — Coordinate multi-element entrances with shared trigger
• orch-timeline-view — Use TimelineView for continuous repeating animations

7. Craft & Polish (HIGH)

• craft-reduce-motion — Respect accessibilityReduceMotion with crossfade fallback
• craft-blur-bridge — Use blur to bridge imperfect transition states
• craft-drawing-group — Use drawingGroup() for Metal-backed complex animations
• craft-geometry-group — Use geometryGroup() to isolate layout animation propagation
• craft-transaction-debug — Use Transaction to debug and override animation behavior

8. Content Motion (MEDIUM-HIGH)

• content-numeric-text — Use contentTransition(.numericText) for number changes
• content-scroll-transition — Use scrollTransition for scroll-position effects
• content-visual-effect — Use visualEffect for position-aware animations
• content-symbol-replace — Animate symbol replacement with contentTransition
• content-text-renderer — Use Text Renderer for character-level animation (iOS 18)

How to Use

Read individual reference files for detailed explanations with incorrect/correct code examples:

• Section definitions — Category structure and impact levels
• Rule template — Template for adding new rules

Reference Files

File	Description
references/_sections.md	Category definitions and ordering
assets/templates/_template.md	Template for new rules
metadata.json	Version and reference information